HW 01

Homework 1

0 - Setup

# load packages
library(tidyverse)

── Attaching core tidyverse packages ──────────────────────── tidyverse 2.0.0 ──
✔ dplyr     1.1.4     ✔ readr     2.1.5
✔ forcats   1.0.0     ✔ stringr   1.5.1
✔ ggplot2   3.5.2     ✔ tibble    3.2.1
✔ lubridate 1.9.4     ✔ tidyr     1.3.1
✔ purrr     1.0.4     
── Conflicts ────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse_conflicts() ──
✖ dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
✖ dplyr::lag()    masks stats::lag()
ℹ Use the conflicted package (<http://conflicted.r-lib.org/>) to force all conflicts to become errors

library(glue)
library(scales)

Attaching package: 'scales'

The following object is masked from 'package:purrr':

    discard

The following object is masked from 'package:readr':

    col_factor

library(here)

here() starts at C:/Users/bpach/Documents/repos/INFO_526/hw1/info-526-su25-classroom-hw-01-hw-01-1

library(countdown)
library(ggthemes)
library(gt)
library(palmerpenguins)

Attaching package: 'palmerpenguins'

The following objects are masked from 'package:datasets':

    penguins, penguins_raw

library(openintro)

Loading required package: airports
Loading required package: cherryblossom
Loading required package: usdata

Attaching package: 'openintro'

The following object is masked from 'package:gt':

    sp500

library(ggrepel)
library(patchwork)

# set theme for ggplot2
ggplot2::theme_set(ggplot2::theme_minimal(base_size = 11))

# set width of code output
options(width = 65)

# set figure parameters for knitr
knitr::opts_chunk$set(
  fig.width = 7,        # 7" width
  fig.asp = 0.618,      # the golden ratio
  fig.retina = 3,       # dpi multiplier for displaying HTML output on retina
  fig.align = "center", # center align figures
  dpi = 300             # higher dpi, sharper image
)

message("Find Rtools? ", pkgbuild::find_rtools())

Find Rtools? TRUE

if (!require("pacman")) 
  install.packages("pacman")

Loading required package: pacman

# use this line for installing/loading
pacman::p_load(tidyverse,
               glue,
               scales,
               ggthemes) 

devtools::install_github("tidyverse/dsbox")

Using github PAT from envvar GITHUB_PAT. Use `gitcreds::gitcreds_set()` and unset GITHUB_PAT in .Renviron (or elsewhere) if you want to use the more secure git credential store instead.
Skipping install of 'dsbox' from a github remote, the SHA1 (244ecdfe) has not changed since last install.
  Use `force = TRUE` to force installation

1 - Road traffic accidents in Edinburgh

# Read in data from accidents file
accidents <- read_csv(here(
  "data" ,"accidents.csv"))

Rows: 768 Columns: 31
── Column specification ─────────────────────────────────────────
Delimiter: ","
chr  (18): id, severity, date, day_of_week, highway, first_ro...
dbl  (12): easting, northing, longitude, latitude, police_for...
time  (1): time

ℹ Use `spec()` to retrieve the full column specification for this data.
ℹ Specify the column types or set `show_col_types = FALSE` to quiet this message.

# Create a new column - wrangle the data
accidents_wrangle <- accidents |>
  mutate(
    week = case_when(
      day_of_week %in% c("Saturday", "Sunday") ~ "Weekend",
      TRUE ~ "Weekday"
    ),
    week = fct_relevel(week, "weekend", "weekday")
  ) 

Warning: There was 1 warning in `mutate()`.
ℹ In argument: `week = fct_relevel(week, "weekend", "weekday")`.
Caused by warning:
! 2 unknown levels in `f`: weekend and weekday

# Create the plot
ggplot(accidents_wrangle, aes(x = time, fill = severity, group = severity)) +
  geom_density(color = "black", alpha = 0.5) +
  scale_fill_manual(values = c("#AA93B0", "#9ECAC8", "#FEF39F")) +
  labs(
    x = "Time of day",
    y = "Density",
    title = "Number of accidents throughout the day",
    subtitle = "By day of the week and severity",
    fill = "Severity"
  ) + 
  facet_wrap(~ week, nrow = 2) +
  theme_minimal(base_size = 11)

Description TODO

2 - NYC marathon winners

2a

# Read in data from nyc marathon file
marathon <- read_csv(here(
  "data" ,"nyc_marathon.csv"))

Rows: 102 Columns: 7
── Column specification ─────────────────────────────────────────
Delimiter: ","
chr  (4): name, country, division, note
dbl  (2): year, time_hrs
time (1): time

ℹ Use `spec()` to retrieve the full column specification for this data.
ℹ Specify the column types or set `show_col_types = FALSE` to quiet this message.

# Create the histogram plot
ggplot(marathon, aes(x = time_hrs)) +
  geom_histogram(binwidth = 0.1) +
  labs (
    title = "Histogram of all runners in data set",
    x = "Time in hours",
    y = "Count"
  ) +
  theme_minimal(base_size = 11)

Warning: Removed 3 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
(`stat_bin()`).

# Create the box plot
ggplot(marathon, aes(x = time_hrs)) +
  geom_boxplot(outlier.size = 2) +
  labs (
    title = "Box plot of all runners in data set",
    x = "Division",
    y = "Time in hours"
  ) +
  theme_minimal(base_size = 11)

Warning: Removed 3 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
(`stat_boxplot()`).

The histogram makes it easier to gauge the total number of runners and to understand how many runners finished within each time range. It provides a clear visual representation of the distribution of finish times across the dataset. In contrast, the boxplot does not clearly show the quantity of runners, but it is effective for identifying trends such as the median finish time and any outliers.

2b

# Create the histogram plot
ggplot(marathon, aes(x = time_hrs, fill = division)) +
  geom_histogram(binwidth = 0.1) +
  scale_fill_manual(
    values = c("Men" = "cornsilk4", "Women" = "deepskyblue3")
  ) +
  labs (
    title = "Histogram of all runners in data set",
    x = "Time in hours",
    y = "Count",
    fill = "Division"
  ) +
  theme_minimal(base_size = 11)

Warning: Removed 3 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
(`stat_bin()`).

# Create the box plot
ggplot(marathon, aes(x = division, y = time_hrs, fill = division)) +
  geom_boxplot(outlier.size = 2) +
  scale_fill_manual(
    values = c("Men" = "cornsilk4", "Women" = "deepskyblue3")
  ) +
  labs (
    title = "Box plot of all runners in data set",
    x = "Division",
    y = "Time in hours",
    fill = "Division"
  ) +
  theme_minimal(base_size = 11)

Warning: Removed 3 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
(`stat_boxplot()`).

Although not required, I recreated the same plot updates for the histogram as a practice exercise. The boxplot, with the fill parameter set to division (men or women), provides a clear visual comparison of performance based on gender. It shows that, in general, men tend to finish before the 2.25-hour mark, while women typically finish closer to or just after the 2.5-hour mark. The outliers for the men’s division extend slightly beyond 2.5 hours, whereas the women’s outliers appear after the 3-hour mark.

2c

TODO

2d

# Read in data from nyc marathon file
marathon <- read_csv(here(
  "data" ,"nyc_marathon.csv")) |>
  mutate(
    decade_raced = (year %/% 10) * 10,
    decade_raced_cat = case_when(
      decade_raced <= 1970 ~ "1970 or before",
      decade_raced >= 2020 ~ "2020 or after",
      TRUE ~ as.character(decade_raced)
    )
  )

Rows: 102 Columns: 7
── Column specification ─────────────────────────────────────────
Delimiter: ","
chr  (4): name, country, division, note
dbl  (2): year, time_hrs
time (1): time

ℹ Use `spec()` to retrieve the full column specification for this data.
ℹ Specify the column types or set `show_col_types = FALSE` to quiet this message.

# Add new variable
marathon |>
  count(decade_raced) |>
  glimpse()

Rows: 6
Columns: 2
$ decade_raced <dbl> 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2020
$ n            <int> 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 2

# Create the box plot
ggplot(marathon, aes(x = decade_raced_cat, y = time_hrs, fill = division)) +
  geom_boxplot(outlier.size = 2) +
  scale_fill_manual(
    values = c("Men" = "cornsilk4", "Women" = "deepskyblue3")
  ) +
  labs (
    title = "Marathon Finish Times by Decade and Division",
    x = "Year",
    y = "Time in Hours",
    fill = "Division"
  ) +
  theme_minimal(base_size = 11)

Warning: Removed 3 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
(`stat_boxplot()`).

This plot gives us a better idea of performance for men and womens race times based on years (or decades).TODO

3 - US counties

3a

ggplot(county) +
  geom_point(aes(x = median_edu, y = median_hh_income)) +
  geom_boxplot(aes(x = smoking_ban, y = pop2017))

Warning: Removed 3 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
(`stat_boxplot()`).

Warning: Removed 2 rows containing missing values or values outside the
scale range (`geom_point()`).

The code displays a scatter plot of median education versus median household income. It also overlays a box plot of population in 2017 by smoking ban status on the same graph. Although the code runs without errors, it combines two unrelated visualizations on a single plot, which makes the results confusing and difficult to interpret.

In addition, both layers use the same color scheme, making it hard to distinguish between the two plot types. Next, the y-axis must represent either income or population, but not both. The visual is misleading. Lastly, there is a category labeled ‘NA’ on the x-axis, from smoking_ban, that doesn’t represent valid data and should be removed or handled.

3b

It is easier to compare poverty levels in the first plot, where the faceting variables are displayed vertically or in rows. From this plot, we observe that individuals who are older, more educated, and have lower poverty levels are more likely to be homeowners. This layout makes patterns easier to identify and shows clearer comparisons across groups.

In contrast, the version where faceting variables are displayed horizontally by column can be misleading. It gives the impression that individuals with only a high school diploma or some college experience are more likely to own homes at a younger age, which is not necessarily supported by the data. This highlights the importance of intentional facet layout. Row based faceting displays better comparisons when there are multiple categorical groupings.

3c

# Plot A
ggplot(county %>% filter(!is.na(median_edu))) + 
  geom_point(aes(x = homeownership, y = poverty)) +
  labs (
    title = "Plot A",
  ) +
  theme_gray(base_size = 11)

  theme_minimal(base_size = 11)

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# Plot B 
ggplot(county %>% filter(!is.na(median_edu))) + 
  geom_point(aes(x = homeownership, y = poverty)) +
  geom_smooth(aes(x = homeownership, y = poverty), color = "blue", se = FALSE) +
  labs (
    title = "Plot B",
  ) +
  theme_gray(base_size = 11)

`geom_smooth()` using method = 'gam' and formula = 'y ~ s(x, bs
= "cs")'

  theme_minimal(base_size = 11) 

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 $ legend.title.position           : NULL
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 $ legend.position.inside          : NULL
 $ legend.direction                : NULL
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 $ legend.justification            : chr "center"
 $ legend.justification.top        : NULL
 $ legend.justification.bottom     : NULL
 $ legend.justification.left       : NULL
 $ legend.justification.right      : NULL
 $ legend.justification.inside     : NULL
 $ legend.location                 : NULL
 $ legend.box                      : NULL
 $ legend.box.just                 : NULL
 $ legend.box.margin               : 'margin' num [1:4] 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm
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 $ legend.box.background           : list()
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 $ legend.box.spacing              : 'simpleUnit' num 11points
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  [list output truncated]
 - attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "theme" "gg"
 - attr(*, "complete")= logi TRUE
 - attr(*, "validate")= logi TRUE

# Plot C 
ggplot(county %>% filter(!is.na(median_edu))) + 
  geom_point(aes(x = homeownership, y = poverty)) +
  geom_smooth(aes(x = homeownership, y = poverty, group = metro), color = "green", se = FALSE, show.legend = FALSE) +
  labs (
    title = "Plot C",
  ) +
  theme_gray(base_size = 11)

`geom_smooth()` using method = 'gam' and formula = 'y ~ s(x, bs
= "cs")'

  theme_minimal(base_size = 11) 

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  ..$ linewidth    : num 0.5
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  ..$ inherit.blank: logi TRUE
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 $ text                            :List of 11
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 $ title                           : NULL
 $ aspect.ratio                    : NULL
 $ axis.title                      : NULL
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 $ axis.text                       :List of 11
  ..$ family       : NULL
  ..$ face         : NULL
  ..$ colour       : chr "grey30"
  ..$ size         : 'rel' num 0.8
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  ..$ margin       : NULL
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 $ axis.text.x                     :List of 11
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 $ axis.text.x.top                 :List of 11
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  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_text" "element"
 $ axis.text.y.left                : NULL
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  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_text" "element"
 $ axis.text.theta                 : NULL
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 $ axis.minor.ticks.theta          : NULL
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 $ axis.ticks.length               : 'simpleUnit' num 2.75points
  ..- attr(*, "unit")= int 8
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 $ axis.ticks.length.x.top         : NULL
 $ axis.ticks.length.x.bottom      : NULL
 $ axis.ticks.length.y             : NULL
 $ axis.ticks.length.y.left        : NULL
 $ axis.ticks.length.y.right       : NULL
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 $ axis.ticks.length.r             : NULL
 $ axis.minor.ticks.length         : 'rel' num 0.75
 $ axis.minor.ticks.length.x       : NULL
 $ axis.minor.ticks.length.x.top   : NULL
 $ axis.minor.ticks.length.x.bottom: NULL
 $ axis.minor.ticks.length.y       : NULL
 $ axis.minor.ticks.length.y.left  : NULL
 $ axis.minor.ticks.length.y.right : NULL
 $ axis.minor.ticks.length.theta   : NULL
 $ axis.minor.ticks.length.r       : NULL
 $ axis.line                       : list()
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_blank" "element"
 $ axis.line.x                     : NULL
 $ axis.line.x.top                 : NULL
 $ axis.line.x.bottom              : NULL
 $ axis.line.y                     : NULL
 $ axis.line.y.left                : NULL
 $ axis.line.y.right               : NULL
 $ axis.line.theta                 : NULL
 $ axis.line.r                     : NULL
 $ legend.background               : list()
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_blank" "element"
 $ legend.margin                   : 'margin' num [1:4] 5.5points 5.5points 5.5points 5.5points
  ..- attr(*, "unit")= int 8
 $ legend.spacing                  : 'simpleUnit' num 11points
  ..- attr(*, "unit")= int 8
 $ legend.spacing.x                : NULL
 $ legend.spacing.y                : NULL
 $ legend.key                      : list()
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_blank" "element"
 $ legend.key.size                 : 'simpleUnit' num 1.2lines
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 $ legend.key.width                : NULL
 $ legend.key.spacing              : 'simpleUnit' num 5.5points
  ..- attr(*, "unit")= int 8
 $ legend.key.spacing.x            : NULL
 $ legend.key.spacing.y            : NULL
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 $ legend.ticks                    : NULL
 $ legend.ticks.length             : 'rel' num 0.2
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  ..$ family       : NULL
  ..$ face         : NULL
  ..$ colour       : NULL
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  ..$ hjust        : NULL
  ..$ vjust        : NULL
  ..$ angle        : NULL
  ..$ lineheight   : NULL
  ..$ margin       : NULL
  ..$ debug        : NULL
  ..$ inherit.blank: logi TRUE
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_text" "element"
 $ legend.text.position            : NULL
 $ legend.title                    :List of 11
  ..$ family       : NULL
  ..$ face         : NULL
  ..$ colour       : NULL
  ..$ size         : NULL
  ..$ hjust        : num 0
  ..$ vjust        : NULL
  ..$ angle        : NULL
  ..$ lineheight   : NULL
  ..$ margin       : NULL
  ..$ debug        : NULL
  ..$ inherit.blank: logi TRUE
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_text" "element"
 $ legend.title.position           : NULL
 $ legend.position                 : chr "right"
 $ legend.position.inside          : NULL
 $ legend.direction                : NULL
 $ legend.byrow                    : NULL
 $ legend.justification            : chr "center"
 $ legend.justification.top        : NULL
 $ legend.justification.bottom     : NULL
 $ legend.justification.left       : NULL
 $ legend.justification.right      : NULL
 $ legend.justification.inside     : NULL
 $ legend.location                 : NULL
 $ legend.box                      : NULL
 $ legend.box.just                 : NULL
 $ legend.box.margin               : 'margin' num [1:4] 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm
  ..- attr(*, "unit")= int 1
 $ legend.box.background           : list()
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_blank" "element"
 $ legend.box.spacing              : 'simpleUnit' num 11points
  ..- attr(*, "unit")= int 8
  [list output truncated]
 - attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "theme" "gg"
 - attr(*, "complete")= logi TRUE
 - attr(*, "validate")= logi TRUE

# Plot D
ggplot(county %>% filter(!is.na(median_edu))) + 
  geom_smooth(aes(x = homeownership, y = poverty, group = metro), color = "blue", se = FALSE, show.legend = FALSE) +
  geom_point(aes(x = homeownership, y = poverty)) +
  labs (
    title = "Plot D",
  ) +
  theme_gray(base_size = 11)

`geom_smooth()` using method = 'gam' and formula = 'y ~ s(x, bs
= "cs")'

  theme_minimal(base_size = 11)

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  ..$ colour       : chr "black"
  ..$ linewidth    : num 0.5
  ..$ linetype     : num 1
  ..$ lineend      : chr "butt"
  ..$ arrow        : logi FALSE
  ..$ inherit.blank: logi TRUE
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_line" "element"
 $ rect                            :List of 5
  ..$ fill         : chr "white"
  ..$ colour       : chr "black"
  ..$ linewidth    : num 0.5
  ..$ linetype     : num 1
  ..$ inherit.blank: logi TRUE
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_rect" "element"
 $ text                            :List of 11
  ..$ family       : chr ""
  ..$ face         : chr "plain"
  ..$ colour       : chr "black"
  ..$ size         : num 11
  ..$ hjust        : num 0.5
  ..$ vjust        : num 0.5
  ..$ angle        : num 0
  ..$ lineheight   : num 0.9
  ..$ margin       : 'margin' num [1:4] 0points 0points 0points 0points
  .. ..- attr(*, "unit")= int 8
  ..$ debug        : logi FALSE
  ..$ inherit.blank: logi TRUE
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_text" "element"
 $ title                           : NULL
 $ aspect.ratio                    : NULL
 $ axis.title                      : NULL
 $ axis.title.x                    :List of 11
  ..$ family       : NULL
  ..$ face         : NULL
  ..$ colour       : NULL
  ..$ size         : NULL
  ..$ hjust        : NULL
  ..$ vjust        : num 1
  ..$ angle        : NULL
  ..$ lineheight   : NULL
  ..$ margin       : 'margin' num [1:4] 2.75points 0points 0points 0points
  .. ..- attr(*, "unit")= int 8
  ..$ debug        : NULL
  ..$ inherit.blank: logi TRUE
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_text" "element"
 $ axis.title.x.top                :List of 11
  ..$ family       : NULL
  ..$ face         : NULL
  ..$ colour       : NULL
  ..$ size         : NULL
  ..$ hjust        : NULL
  ..$ vjust        : num 0
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  ..$ margin       : 'margin' num [1:4] 0points 0points 2.75points 0points
  .. ..- attr(*, "unit")= int 8
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 $ legend.justification.top        : NULL
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 $ legend.box                      : NULL
 $ legend.box.just                 : NULL
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  [list output truncated]
 - attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "theme" "gg"
 - attr(*, "complete")= logi TRUE
 - attr(*, "validate")= logi TRUE

# Plot E
ggplot(county %>% filter(!is.na(median_edu))) + 
  geom_point(aes(x = homeownership, y = poverty, color = metro)) +
  geom_smooth(aes(x = homeownership, y = poverty, linetype = metro), color = "blue", se = FALSE)

`geom_smooth()` using method = 'gam' and formula = 'y ~ s(x, bs
= "cs")'

  labs (
    title = "Plot E",
  ) +
  theme_gray(base_size = 11)

NULL

  theme_minimal(base_size = 11) 

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 $ axis.text.theta                 : NULL
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 $ axis.minor.ticks.length.y.left  : NULL
 $ axis.minor.ticks.length.y.right : NULL
 $ axis.minor.ticks.length.theta   : NULL
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  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_blank" "element"
 $ axis.line.x                     : NULL
 $ axis.line.x.top                 : NULL
 $ axis.line.x.bottom              : NULL
 $ axis.line.y                     : NULL
 $ axis.line.y.left                : NULL
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  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_blank" "element"
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  ..$ margin       : NULL
  ..$ debug        : NULL
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  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_text" "element"
 $ legend.text.position            : NULL
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  ..$ face         : NULL
  ..$ colour       : NULL
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  ..$ vjust        : NULL
  ..$ angle        : NULL
  ..$ lineheight   : NULL
  ..$ margin       : NULL
  ..$ debug        : NULL
  ..$ inherit.blank: logi TRUE
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_text" "element"
 $ legend.title.position           : NULL
 $ legend.position                 : chr "right"
 $ legend.position.inside          : NULL
 $ legend.direction                : NULL
 $ legend.byrow                    : NULL
 $ legend.justification            : chr "center"
 $ legend.justification.top        : NULL
 $ legend.justification.bottom     : NULL
 $ legend.justification.left       : NULL
 $ legend.justification.right      : NULL
 $ legend.justification.inside     : NULL
 $ legend.location                 : NULL
 $ legend.box                      : NULL
 $ legend.box.just                 : NULL
 $ legend.box.margin               : 'margin' num [1:4] 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm
  ..- attr(*, "unit")= int 1
 $ legend.box.background           : list()
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_blank" "element"
 $ legend.box.spacing              : 'simpleUnit' num 11points
  ..- attr(*, "unit")= int 8
  [list output truncated]
 - attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "theme" "gg"
 - attr(*, "complete")= logi TRUE
 - attr(*, "validate")= logi TRUE

# Plot F
ggplot(county %>% filter(!is.na(median_edu))) + 
  geom_point(aes(x = homeownership, y = poverty, color = metro)) +
  geom_smooth(aes(x = homeownership, y = poverty, color = metro), se = FALSE)

`geom_smooth()` using method = 'gam' and formula = 'y ~ s(x, bs
= "cs")'

  labs (
    title = "Plot F",
  ) +
  theme_gray(base_size = 11)

NULL

  theme_minimal(base_size = 11) 

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  ..$ linewidth    : num 0.5
  ..$ linetype     : num 1
  ..$ lineend      : chr "butt"
  ..$ arrow        : logi FALSE
  ..$ inherit.blank: logi TRUE
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_line" "element"
 $ rect                            :List of 5
  ..$ fill         : chr "white"
  ..$ colour       : chr "black"
  ..$ linewidth    : num 0.5
  ..$ linetype     : num 1
  ..$ inherit.blank: logi TRUE
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_rect" "element"
 $ text                            :List of 11
  ..$ family       : chr ""
  ..$ face         : chr "plain"
  ..$ colour       : chr "black"
  ..$ size         : num 11
  ..$ hjust        : num 0.5
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  ..$ debug        : logi FALSE
  ..$ inherit.blank: logi TRUE
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_text" "element"
 $ title                           : NULL
 $ aspect.ratio                    : NULL
 $ axis.title                      : NULL
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  ..$ family       : NULL
  ..$ face         : NULL
  ..$ colour       : NULL
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  ..$ margin       : 'margin' num [1:4] 2.75points 0points 0points 0points
  .. ..- attr(*, "unit")= int 8
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  ..$ inherit.blank: logi TRUE
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_text" "element"
 $ axis.title.x.top                :List of 11
  ..$ family       : NULL
  ..$ face         : NULL
  ..$ colour       : NULL
  ..$ size         : NULL
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  ..$ vjust        : num 0
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  ..$ margin       : 'margin' num [1:4] 0points 0points 2.75points 0points
  .. ..- attr(*, "unit")= int 8
  ..$ debug        : NULL
  ..$ inherit.blank: logi TRUE
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_text" "element"
 $ axis.title.x.bottom             : NULL
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 $ axis.text.theta                 : NULL
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  ..$ face         : NULL
  ..$ colour       : NULL
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  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_text" "element"
 $ legend.title.position           : NULL
 $ legend.position                 : chr "right"
 $ legend.position.inside          : NULL
 $ legend.direction                : NULL
 $ legend.byrow                    : NULL
 $ legend.justification            : chr "center"
 $ legend.justification.top        : NULL
 $ legend.justification.bottom     : NULL
 $ legend.justification.left       : NULL
 $ legend.justification.right      : NULL
 $ legend.justification.inside     : NULL
 $ legend.location                 : NULL
 $ legend.box                      : NULL
 $ legend.box.just                 : NULL
 $ legend.box.margin               : 'margin' num [1:4] 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm
  ..- attr(*, "unit")= int 1
 $ legend.box.background           : list()
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_blank" "element"
 $ legend.box.spacing              : 'simpleUnit' num 11points
  ..- attr(*, "unit")= int 8
  [list output truncated]
 - attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "theme" "gg"
 - attr(*, "complete")= logi TRUE
 - attr(*, "validate")= logi TRUE

# Plot G
ggplot(county %>% filter(!is.na(median_edu))) + 
  geom_point(aes(x = homeownership, y = poverty, color = metro)) +
  geom_smooth(aes(x = homeownership, y = poverty), color = "blue", se = FALSE) +
  labs (
    title = "Plot G",
  ) +
  theme_gray(base_size = 11)

`geom_smooth()` using method = 'gam' and formula = 'y ~ s(x, bs
= "cs")'

  theme_minimal(base_size = 11) 

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  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_line" "element"
 $ rect                            :List of 5
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  ..$ linewidth    : num 0.5
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  ..$ inherit.blank: logi TRUE
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 $ text                            :List of 11
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  ..$ colour       : chr "black"
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  ..$ debug        : logi FALSE
  ..$ inherit.blank: logi TRUE
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_text" "element"
 $ title                           : NULL
 $ aspect.ratio                    : NULL
 $ axis.title                      : NULL
 $ axis.title.x                    :List of 11
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  ..$ colour       : NULL
  ..$ size         : NULL
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  ..$ face         : NULL
  ..$ colour       : NULL
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  ..$ inherit.blank: logi TRUE
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_text" "element"
 $ axis.title.y.left               : NULL
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  ..$ colour       : NULL
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  ..$ lineheight   : NULL
  ..$ margin       : 'margin' num [1:4] 0points 0points 0points 2.75points
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  ..$ inherit.blank: logi TRUE
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_text" "element"
 $ axis.text                       :List of 11
  ..$ family       : NULL
  ..$ face         : NULL
  ..$ colour       : chr "grey30"
  ..$ size         : 'rel' num 0.8
  ..$ hjust        : NULL
  ..$ vjust        : NULL
  ..$ angle        : NULL
  ..$ lineheight   : NULL
  ..$ margin       : NULL
  ..$ debug        : NULL
  ..$ inherit.blank: logi TRUE
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_text" "element"
 $ axis.text.x                     :List of 11
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  ..$ colour       : NULL
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  .. ..- attr(*, "unit")= int 8
  ..$ debug        : NULL
  ..$ inherit.blank: logi TRUE
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_text" "element"
 $ axis.text.x.top                 :List of 11
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  ..$ face         : NULL
  ..$ colour       : NULL
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  ..$ vjust        : num 0
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  ..$ lineheight   : NULL
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  ..$ debug        : NULL
  ..$ inherit.blank: logi TRUE
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_text" "element"
 $ axis.text.x.bottom              : NULL
 $ axis.text.y                     :List of 11
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  .. ..- attr(*, "unit")= int 8
  ..$ debug        : NULL
  ..$ inherit.blank: logi TRUE
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_text" "element"
 $ axis.text.y.left                : NULL
 $ axis.text.y.right               :List of 11
  ..$ family       : NULL
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  ..$ colour       : NULL
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  ..$ margin       : 'margin' num [1:4] 0points 0points 0points 2.2points
  .. ..- attr(*, "unit")= int 8
  ..$ debug        : NULL
  ..$ inherit.blank: logi TRUE
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_text" "element"
 $ axis.text.theta                 : NULL
 $ axis.text.r                     :List of 11
  ..$ family       : NULL
  ..$ face         : NULL
  ..$ colour       : NULL
  ..$ size         : NULL
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  ..$ margin       : 'margin' num [1:4] 0points 2.2points 0points 2.2points
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  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_text" "element"
 $ axis.ticks                      : list()
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 $ axis.ticks.x                    : NULL
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 $ axis.minor.ticks.y.left         : NULL
 $ axis.minor.ticks.y.right        : NULL
 $ axis.minor.ticks.theta          : NULL
 $ axis.minor.ticks.r              : NULL
 $ axis.ticks.length               : 'simpleUnit' num 2.75points
  ..- attr(*, "unit")= int 8
 $ axis.ticks.length.x             : NULL
 $ axis.ticks.length.x.top         : NULL
 $ axis.ticks.length.x.bottom      : NULL
 $ axis.ticks.length.y             : NULL
 $ axis.ticks.length.y.left        : NULL
 $ axis.ticks.length.y.right       : NULL
 $ axis.ticks.length.theta         : NULL
 $ axis.ticks.length.r             : NULL
 $ axis.minor.ticks.length         : 'rel' num 0.75
 $ axis.minor.ticks.length.x       : NULL
 $ axis.minor.ticks.length.x.top   : NULL
 $ axis.minor.ticks.length.x.bottom: NULL
 $ axis.minor.ticks.length.y       : NULL
 $ axis.minor.ticks.length.y.left  : NULL
 $ axis.minor.ticks.length.y.right : NULL
 $ axis.minor.ticks.length.theta   : NULL
 $ axis.minor.ticks.length.r       : NULL
 $ axis.line                       : list()
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_blank" "element"
 $ axis.line.x                     : NULL
 $ axis.line.x.top                 : NULL
 $ axis.line.x.bottom              : NULL
 $ axis.line.y                     : NULL
 $ axis.line.y.left                : NULL
 $ axis.line.y.right               : NULL
 $ axis.line.theta                 : NULL
 $ axis.line.r                     : NULL
 $ legend.background               : list()
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_blank" "element"
 $ legend.margin                   : 'margin' num [1:4] 5.5points 5.5points 5.5points 5.5points
  ..- attr(*, "unit")= int 8
 $ legend.spacing                  : 'simpleUnit' num 11points
  ..- attr(*, "unit")= int 8
 $ legend.spacing.x                : NULL
 $ legend.spacing.y                : NULL
 $ legend.key                      : list()
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_blank" "element"
 $ legend.key.size                 : 'simpleUnit' num 1.2lines
  ..- attr(*, "unit")= int 3
 $ legend.key.height               : NULL
 $ legend.key.width                : NULL
 $ legend.key.spacing              : 'simpleUnit' num 5.5points
  ..- attr(*, "unit")= int 8
 $ legend.key.spacing.x            : NULL
 $ legend.key.spacing.y            : NULL
 $ legend.frame                    : NULL
 $ legend.ticks                    : NULL
 $ legend.ticks.length             : 'rel' num 0.2
 $ legend.axis.line                : NULL
 $ legend.text                     :List of 11
  ..$ family       : NULL
  ..$ face         : NULL
  ..$ colour       : NULL
  ..$ size         : 'rel' num 0.8
  ..$ hjust        : NULL
  ..$ vjust        : NULL
  ..$ angle        : NULL
  ..$ lineheight   : NULL
  ..$ margin       : NULL
  ..$ debug        : NULL
  ..$ inherit.blank: logi TRUE
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_text" "element"
 $ legend.text.position            : NULL
 $ legend.title                    :List of 11
  ..$ family       : NULL
  ..$ face         : NULL
  ..$ colour       : NULL
  ..$ size         : NULL
  ..$ hjust        : num 0
  ..$ vjust        : NULL
  ..$ angle        : NULL
  ..$ lineheight   : NULL
  ..$ margin       : NULL
  ..$ debug        : NULL
  ..$ inherit.blank: logi TRUE
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_text" "element"
 $ legend.title.position           : NULL
 $ legend.position                 : chr "right"
 $ legend.position.inside          : NULL
 $ legend.direction                : NULL
 $ legend.byrow                    : NULL
 $ legend.justification            : chr "center"
 $ legend.justification.top        : NULL
 $ legend.justification.bottom     : NULL
 $ legend.justification.left       : NULL
 $ legend.justification.right      : NULL
 $ legend.justification.inside     : NULL
 $ legend.location                 : NULL
 $ legend.box                      : NULL
 $ legend.box.just                 : NULL
 $ legend.box.margin               : 'margin' num [1:4] 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm
  ..- attr(*, "unit")= int 1
 $ legend.box.background           : list()
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_blank" "element"
 $ legend.box.spacing              : 'simpleUnit' num 11points
  ..- attr(*, "unit")= int 8
  [list output truncated]
 - attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "theme" "gg"
 - attr(*, "complete")= logi TRUE
 - attr(*, "validate")= logi TRUE

# Plot H
ggplot(county %>% filter(!is.na(median_edu))) + 
  geom_point(aes(x = homeownership, y = poverty, color = metro)) +
  labs (
    title = "Plot H",
  ) +
  theme_gray(base_size = 11)

  theme_minimal(base_size = 11) 

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  ..$ colour       : chr "black"
  ..$ linewidth    : num 0.5
  ..$ linetype     : num 1
  ..$ lineend      : chr "butt"
  ..$ arrow        : logi FALSE
  ..$ inherit.blank: logi TRUE
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_line" "element"
 $ rect                            :List of 5
  ..$ fill         : chr "white"
  ..$ colour       : chr "black"
  ..$ linewidth    : num 0.5
  ..$ linetype     : num 1
  ..$ inherit.blank: logi TRUE
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_rect" "element"
 $ text                            :List of 11
  ..$ family       : chr ""
  ..$ face         : chr "plain"
  ..$ colour       : chr "black"
  ..$ size         : num 11
  ..$ hjust        : num 0.5
  ..$ vjust        : num 0.5
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  ..$ lineheight   : num 0.9
  ..$ margin       : 'margin' num [1:4] 0points 0points 0points 0points
  .. ..- attr(*, "unit")= int 8
  ..$ debug        : logi FALSE
  ..$ inherit.blank: logi TRUE
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_text" "element"
 $ title                           : NULL
 $ aspect.ratio                    : NULL
 $ axis.title                      : NULL
 $ axis.title.x                    :List of 11
  ..$ family       : NULL
  ..$ face         : NULL
  ..$ colour       : NULL
  ..$ size         : NULL
  ..$ hjust        : NULL
  ..$ vjust        : num 1
  ..$ angle        : NULL
  ..$ lineheight   : NULL
  ..$ margin       : 'margin' num [1:4] 2.75points 0points 0points 0points
  .. ..- attr(*, "unit")= int 8
  ..$ debug        : NULL
  ..$ inherit.blank: logi TRUE
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_text" "element"
 $ axis.title.x.top                :List of 11
  ..$ family       : NULL
  ..$ face         : NULL
  ..$ colour       : NULL
  ..$ size         : NULL
  ..$ hjust        : NULL
  ..$ vjust        : num 0
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  ..$ lineheight   : NULL
  ..$ margin       : 'margin' num [1:4] 0points 0points 2.75points 0points
  .. ..- attr(*, "unit")= int 8
  ..$ debug        : NULL
  ..$ inherit.blank: logi TRUE
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_text" "element"
 $ axis.title.x.bottom             : NULL
 $ axis.title.y                    :List of 11
  ..$ family       : NULL
  ..$ face         : NULL
  ..$ colour       : NULL
  ..$ size         : NULL
  ..$ hjust        : NULL
  ..$ vjust        : num 1
  ..$ angle        : num 90
  ..$ lineheight   : NULL
  ..$ margin       : 'margin' num [1:4] 0points 2.75points 0points 0points
  .. ..- attr(*, "unit")= int 8
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  ..$ inherit.blank: logi TRUE
  ..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "element_text" "element"
 $ axis.title.y.left               : NULL
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  ..$ inherit.blank: logi TRUE
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 $ axis.text                       :List of 11
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  [list output truncated]
 - attr(*, "class")= chr [1:2] "theme" "gg"
 - attr(*, "complete")= logi TRUE
 - attr(*, "validate")= logi TRUE

4 - Rental apartments in SF

4a

# Read in data from credit file
credit <- read_csv(here(
  "data" ,"credit.csv"))

Rows: 400 Columns: 5
── Column specification ─────────────────────────────────────────
Delimiter: ","
chr (2): student, married
dbl (3): balance, income, limit

ℹ Use `spec()` to retrieve the full column specification for this data.
ℹ Specify the column types or set `show_col_types = FALSE` to quiet this message.

# Create the plot
ggplot(credit) + 
  geom_point(aes(x = income, y = balance, color = student, shape = student), show.legend = FALSE) + 
  geom_smooth(aes(x = income, y = balance, color = student), method = "lm", se = FALSE, show.legend = FALSE) +
  scale_color_manual(
    values = c("Yes" = "#AA93B0", "No" = "#9ECAC8")
  ) +
  scale_shape_manual(
    values = c("circle", "triangle" ) 
  ) +
  labs (
    x = "Income",
    y = "Credit card balance",
  ) +
  scale_x_continuous(labels = label_dollar(suffix = "K")) +
  scale_y_continuous(labels = label_dollar()) +
  facet_grid(
    student ~ married,
    labeller = labeller(
      student = c("Yes" = "student: Yes", "No" = "student: No"),
      married = c("Yes" = "married: Yes", "No" = "married: No")
      ) 
  ) + 
    theme_minimal(base_size = 14) +
    theme(
    panel.border = element_rect(color = "black", fill = NA, linewidth = 0.5),
    strip.background = element_rect(fill = "gray90", color = "black"),
    )

`geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'

The general trend shows that individuals with higher incomes tend to carry higher credit card balances. Among lower income earners, there is greater variability. Some have low balances while others carry substantial debt.

Students who are not married typically have the lowest incomes, but still carry relatively high credit card debt. In contrast, married students tend to have slightly higher incomes and lower balances, suggesting more financial stability.

Married individuals who are not students appear to include the highest income earners. Some of them also hold the largest credit card balances and these are the most extreme outliers in the dataset. Meanwhile, unmarried non-students show a more even distribution in both income and credit card balance.

4b

The combination of marital and student status, along with income, provides insight into credit card balance trends. Married individuals who are not students generally have the highest incomes and include outliers with the largest credit card balances. In contrast, unmarried students tend to have the lowest incomes and display a wide range of credit card debt levels.

4c

# Wrangle data - credit card utilization
credit <- credit |>
  mutate(
    utilization = (balance / limit)
  ) |>
  glimpse()

Rows: 400
Columns: 6
$ balance     <dbl> 333, 903, 580, 964, 331, 1151, 203, 872, 27…
$ income      <dbl> 14.891, 106.025, 104.593, 148.924, 55.882, …
$ student     <chr> "No", "Yes", "No", "No", "No", "No", "No", …
$ married     <chr> "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes", "No", "No"…
$ limit       <dbl> 3606, 6645, 7075, 9504, 4897, 8047, 3388, 7…
$ utilization <dbl> 0.09234609, 0.13589165, 0.08197880, 0.10143…

# Create the plot
ggplot(credit) + 
  geom_point(aes(x = income, y = utilization, color = student, shape = student), show.legend = FALSE) + 
  geom_smooth(aes(x = income, y = utilization, color = student), method = "lm", se = FALSE, show.legend = FALSE) +
  scale_color_manual(
    values = c("Yes" = "#AA93B0", "No" = "#9ECAC8")
  ) +
  scale_shape_manual(
    values = c("circle", "triangle" ) 
  ) +
  labs (
    x = "Income",
    y = "Credit utilization",
    caption = "https://stackoverflow.com/questions/26191833/add-panel-border-to-ggplot2"
  ) +
  scale_x_continuous(labels = label_dollar(suffix = "K")) +
  scale_y_continuous(labels = label_percent()) +
  facet_grid(
    student ~ married,
    labeller = labeller(
      student = c("Yes" = "student: Yes", "No" = "student: No"),
      married = c("Yes" = "married: Yes", "No" = "married: No")
      ) 
  ) + 
    theme_minimal(base_size = 14) +
    theme(
    panel.border = element_rect(color = "black", fill = NA, linewidth = 0.5),
    strip.background = element_rect(fill = "gray90", color = "black"),
    )

`geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'

4d

Unmarried students have the highest credit card utilization relative to their income. Similarly, married students with lower incomes also show high utilization rates. Overall, there is a trend where lower income individuals tend to use a larger portion of their available credit.

In contrast, while married non-students often carry higher credit card balances, their utilization rates remain relatively low, typically below 20% of their credit limit. This suggests that higher income earners tend to have greater available credit and are less reliant on it, while lower income individuals may have limited credit access and use a higher percentage of what is available to them.

5 - Napoleon’s march.